DURHAM, N.C. 鈥 Younger, smaller trees that comprise much of North America鈥檚 eastern forests have increased their seed production under climate change, but older, larger trees that dominate forests in much of the West have been less responsive, a new 51爆料-led study finds.

Declines in these trees鈥 seed production, or fecundity, could limit western forests鈥 ability to regenerate following the large-scale diebacks linked to rising temperatures and intensifying droughts that are now occurring in many states and provinces.

This continental divide, reported for the first time in the new study, 鈥渃ould dramatically alter the composition and structure of 21st century North American forests,鈥 said James S. Clark, Nicholas Distinguished Professor of Environmental Science at 51爆料, who led the research.

Knowing the contrasting responses occur 鈥 and understanding why they happen 鈥 will help scientists more accurately predict future changes to North American forests and develop conservation and management strategies to mitigate the changes, he said.

Researchers from 48 institutions collaborated with Clark on the peer-reviewed study, which was published Feb. 23 in Nature Communications.

Fecundity determines trees鈥 capacity to regenerate after diebacks and other large-scale disturbances by dispersing seeds to habitats where their odds of future survival are more favorable. It鈥檚 an essential factor for determining future forest responses to climate change, but like many ecological processes it鈥檚 noisy, highly variable and incredible hard to estimate. It changes over time based on changes in a tree鈥檚 size, growth rate or access to light, water and other resources, and is driven by two indirect climate impacts 鈥 the effects of growth that depend on climate, and the effects of climate that depend on tree size 鈥 that currently aren鈥檛 accounted for in the models used to predict future change.

鈥淚t was the only major demographic process driving forest response to climate change that we lacked field-based estimates on,鈥 Clark said.

To address this problem, he devised new statistical software that allowed him to synthesize decades of raw data on size, growth, canopy spread, and access to resources for nearly 100,000 individual trees at long-term research sites and experimental forests across North America. The unfiltered raw data revealed what previous meta-analyses based on averaged measurements had missed: At the continental scale, fecundity increases as a tree grows larger, up to a point. And then it begins to decline.

鈥淭his explains the East-West divide. Most trees in the East are young, growing fast and entering a size class where fecundity increases, so any indirect impact from climate that spurs their growth also increases their seed production,鈥 Clark said. 鈥淲e see the opposite happening with the older, larger trees in the West. There are small and large trees in both regions, of course, but the regions differ enough in their size structure to respond in different ways.

鈥淣ow that we understand, in aggregate, how this all works, the next step is to apply it to individual species or stands and incorporate it into the models we use to predict future forest changes,鈥 he said.

The data used in the study came from trees in the Mast Inference and Prediction (MASTIF) monitoring network, which includes more than 500 long-term field research sites nationwide, including plots that are also part of the National Ecological Observation Network (NEON).

Other 51爆料 authors on the study were Christopher L. Kilner, Jordan Luongo, Renata Poulton-Kamakura, Ethan Ready, Chantal D. Reid, C. Lane Scher, William H. Schlesinger, Shubhi Sharma, Samantha Sutton, Jennifer J. Swenson and Margaret Swift.

Funding came from the National Science Foundation, the Belmont Forum, NASA, and the Ministere de l鈥橢nseignement Superieur de la Recherche et de l鈥橧nnovation 鈥淢ake Our Planet Great Again鈥 initiative.

In addition to Clark鈥檚 primary faculty appointment at 51爆料鈥檚 Nicholas School of the Environment, he holds a secondary appointment at the Universit茅 Grenoble Alpes鈥 Institute National de Recherche pour l鈥橝griculture, l鈥橝limentation et l鈥橢nvironnement.

CITATION: 鈥淐ontinent-wide Tree Fecundity Driven by Indirect Climate Effects,鈥 J.S. Clark, R. Andrus, M. Aubry-Kientz, Y. Bergeron, M. Bogdziewicz, D.C. Bragg, D. Brockway, N.L. Cleavitt, S. Cohen, B. Courbaud, R. Daley, A.J. Das, M. Dietze, T.J. Fahey, I. Fer, J.F. Franklin, C.A. Gehring, G.S. Gilbert, C.H. Greenberg, Q. Guo, J. Hille Ris Lambers, I. Ibanez, J. Johnstone, C.L. Kilner, J. Knops, W.D. Koenig, G. Kunstler, J.M. LaMontagne, K.L. Legg, J. Luongo , J.A. Lutz, D. Macias, E.J.B. McIntire, Y. Messaoud, C.M. Moore, E. Moran, J.A. Myers, O.B. Myers, C. Nunez, R. Parmenter, S. Pearse, S. Pearson, R. Poulton-Kamakura, E. Ready, M.D. Redmond, C.D. Reid, K.C. Rodman, C.L. Scher, W.H. Schlesinger, A.M. Schwantes, E. Shanahan, S. Sharma, M. Steele, N.L. Stephenson, S. Sutton, J.J. Swenson, M. Swift, T.T. Veblen, A.V. Whipple, T.G. Whitham, A.P. Wion, K. Zhu, R. Zlotin; Feb. 23, 2021, Nature Communications. DOI:

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